Jewish immigrants played key roles in building Chicago but they were also influenced by the radical climate prevailing in America's newest and most rapidly growing large city. 19th Century Chicago attracted European immigrants in huge numbers and by 1900 it emerged as one of the largest cities in the world.
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This study examines the social, economic, religious and cultural development of the Jewish immigrant. More than 100.000 Jews left Central Europe for North America during the 19th Century. View full-textįrom Gemeinde to Community: Jewish Immigrants in Chicago, 1840–1900 combines four research fields, American Jewish and German Jewish history, the history of transatlantic migration, and American urban history. The aim of providing this discussion is achieving common principles between countries, in one hand, and investigating experiences in relation with organizing and restoring old textures and obtaining more comprehensive and perfect attitude, on the other hand. However, they are yet common in some principles and methods.
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The way of intervention and dealing with old texture in different counties varies considering governing political, economic, and social conditions. First steps in this regard were taken by Western Europe especially England and France.
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Renovation and reconstruction of urban textures have a long history, but history of attention to old textures in its today concept and developing various organizations and regulations for renovation and restoration of the buildings in old and worn-out textures, which have been constructed without observing urbanism principles and regulations, dates back to second half of 18 th century. Thus, always resulting from various factors, the city has always repaired itself as a living organism. resulting from weather and natural factors such as earthquake, flood, avuncular, or resulting from human factors such as wars and arbitrary interventions resulting from will or governors or even residents. Considering physical elements of urban textures constitute housing and connecting networks, and these elements have limited life, and cities have been subject to various destructing factors over the time, thus urban textures decades need restoration and renovation whether due to gradual exhaustion. History of skeletal interventions, optimization and urban repair is as long as urbanisms history.
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Heavily influenced by his National Service experience as an RAF Education Officer (1953–56), and by his spells successively as a teacher and superintendent of the Evening Institute in Leicester (1956–59), lecturer in history at Westminster College (1959–62) and as Head of the Faculty of Education at Garnett College, Roehampton (1962–66), David initially established a reputation in nineteenth-century British history by publishing general historical syntheses. David Reeder began a 50 year association with the University of Leicester when he embarked upon a Post-Graduate Certificate in Education course in 1952. There David attended Nunethorp Grammar School, where he was head boy, and won a scholarship place to Durham University, graduating in 1952. The son of a railway fireman, David was born in Hull in 1931 and evacuated during the war from the family's council house first to Rawcliffe, near Goole, and then to York in 1942. David Reeder, who has died aged 74, made a major contribution to the understanding of two academic fields: urban history, and the history of education.